ALERT:Please note and circulate...

Do not turn on A/C immediately as soon as you enter Your .... CAR!

Please open the windows after you enter your car and do not turn ON the air-conditioning immediately. According to a research done, the car dashboard, sofa, air freshener emits Benzene, a Cancer causing toxin (carcinogen- take note of the heated plastic smell in your car). In addition to causing cancer, it poisons your bones, causes anemia, and reduces white blood cells. Prolonged exposure will cause Leukemia, increasing the risk of cancer may also cause miscarriage.

Acceptable Benzene level indoors is 50 mg per sq. ft. A car parked indoors with the windows closed will contain 400-800 mg of Benzene. If parked outdoors under the sun at a temperature above 60 degrees F, the Benzene level goes up to 2000-4000 mg, 40 times the acceptable level... & the people inside the car will inevitably inhale an excess amount of the toxins.

It is recommended that you open the windows and door to give time for the interior to air out before you enter. Benzene is a toxin that affects your kidney and liver, and is very difficult for your body to expel this toxic stuff.

"When someone shares something of value with you and you benefit from it, you have a moral obligation to share it with others"

Lead Time Reduction: Demand Planning

Planning Function, and its 4 components:

demand planning

supply planning

production planning

distribution planning

The first component is "Demand Planning": this is the process of estimating and monitoring customer demand.

The goals of demand planning are:

minimizing the error between the forecast and the actual demand (improving the estimation)

quickly responding to demand variation

aligning operations with customer demands

synchronizing the planning across customers, sales, marketing and finance

Demand Planning can be improved by:

improving historical demand analysis (software, Business Intelligence tools)

making an ABC-analysis of the items to forecast, and applying different strategies for A, B and C items.

Example:

A-items are reviewed each month by management

only those B- and C-items with a significant deviation between forecast and actual demand need to be reviewed by management

building effective communication channels with the customers

EDI

Internet

collaborating with the customers

sharing information: sales data, inventory data

collaborative planning

encouraging the customers to place their orders more evenly

When we can improve the demand planning, we know better which products we have to make, so that

the lead time will be reduced (we don't make the wrong products)

the safety stock can be reduced (demand uncertainty is reduced)

Lead Time Reduction: Planning and Scheduling.

When an order is entered into your system, the right product or products should be delivered in the right quantiy at the right time to all of your customers. That's where the planning function comes in place.

The planning function has several components:

demand planning

supply planning

production planning

distribution planning

Before we explore these components with regard to "Lead Time Reduction", I would like to emphasize the importance of "knowing your products".

You need the following data about your products:

sales amount

sold quantity

contribution margin

inventory

inventory turns

When you know these data, you can do an ABC - analysis on all of these data.

You will see that approximately

20 % of your products account for 80 % of the sales or margin or inventory (A-products)

30 % of your products account for 15 % of the sales or margin or inventory (B-products)

50 % of your products account for 5 % of the sales or margin or inventory (C-products).

Now you can focus your efforts in relation to the importance of your products, and apply different planning strategies for A, B and C products or product groups.

Lead Time Reduction: Paperless Document Transfer.

"Lead Time Reduction" method: the paperless electronic document transfer between companies, where the receiving computer can interpret the document without human involvement.

EDI means Electronic Data Exchange.

The advantages of using EDI are:

administrative work is reduced

manual data entry is minimized

paper, printing and postage costs are reduced

accuracy is improved

speed is increased

information transmission is secure However, EDI also has some major drawbacks:

EDI is expensive

high implementation investment

high transaction costs: most EDI traffic flows over VAN's (Value Added Networks), which have high bandwidth costs

high maintenance costs

high cost to accomodate new customers and vendors

EDI is complicated

trained IT people are needed Then in 1995, the Internet came.

But Internet was not a good solution for paperless electronic document transfer, because it is

not structured

not secure enough

However, with the introduction of XML (eXtensible Mark-up Language), Internet can become an EDI communications backbone (instead of VAN's), because XML is a universal format for structured documents and data on the Web, and makes

structured information communication and

secure transport of data and documents between computers

possible.

Combining the best features of traditional EDI with the improvements in technology offered by XML is now the challenge.

Also small companies can then profit from this technology.

Basic Motor Formulas And Calculations

Motor Slip

% Slip =

(ns - n)/ns

x 100

Symbols

I	=	current in amperes
E	=	voltage in volts
KW	=	power in kilowatts
KVA	=	apparent power in kilo-volt-amperes
HP	=	output power in horsepower
n	=	motor speed in revolutions per minute (RPM)
ns	=	synchronous speed in revolutions per minute (RPM)
P	=	number of poles
f	=	frequency in cycles per second (CPS)
T	=	torque in pound-feet
EFF	=	efficiency as a decimal
PF	=	power factor as a decimal

Electrical Formulas

To Find	Alternating Current
	Single-Phase	Three-Phase
Amperes when horsepower is known	HP x 746 E x Eff x pf	HP x 746 1.73 x E x Eff x pf
Amperes when kilowatts are known	Kw x 1000 E x pf	Kw x 1000 1.73 x E x pf
Amperes when kva are known	Kva x 1000 E	Kva x 1000 1.73 x E
Kilowatts	I x E x pf 1000	1.73 x I x E x pf 1000
Kva	I x E 1000	1.73 x I x E 1000
Horsepower = (Output)	I x E x Eff x pf 746	1.73 x I x E x Eff x pff 746

I = Amperes; E = Volts; Eff = Efficiency; pf = Power Factor; Kva = Kilovolt-amperes; Kw = Kilowatts

Basic Horsepower Calculations

Horsepower is work done per unit of time. One HP equals 33,000 ft-lb of work per minute. When work is done by a source of torque (T) to produce (M) rotations about an axis, the work done is:

radius x 2 x rpm x lb. or 2 TM

When rotation is at the rate N rpm, the HP delivered is:

HP = radius x 2 x rpm x lb. 33,000 = TN 5,250

For vertical or hoisting motion:

HP =

W x S 33,000 x E

Where:

W = total weight in lbs. to be raised by motor S = hoisting speed in feet per minute E = overall mechanical efficiency of hoist and gearing. For purposes of estimating E = .65 for eff. of hoist and connected gear.

For fans and blowers:

HP = Volume (cfm) x Head (inches of water) 6356 x Mechanical Efficiency of Fan

Or

HP = Volume (cfm) x Pressure (lb. Per sq. ft.) 3300 x Mechanical Efficiency of Fan

Or

HP = Volume (cfm) x Pressure (lb. Per sq. in.) 229 x Mechanical Efficiency of Fan

Accelerating Torque

ACCELERATING TORQUE =

WK2N (in lb.ft.) 308t

Where:

N = Change in RPM W = Weight in Lbs. K = Radius of gyration t = Time of acceleration (secs.) WK2 = Equivalent Inertia 308 = Constant of proportionality

DESCRIBE how torque is produced in an AC motor.?

AC MOTOR THEORY

Q:- DESCRIBE how a rotating magnetic field is producedin an AC motor.

Main branches of engineering

Chemical engineering – The exploitation of chemical principles in order to carry out large scale chemical process, as well as designing new specialty materials and fuels.

Civil engineering – The design and construction of public and private works, such as infrastructure (roads, railways, water supply and treatment etc.), bridges and buildings.

Electrical engineering – a very broad area that may encompass the design and study of various electrical & electronic systems, such as electrical circuits, generators, motors, electromagnetic/electromechanical devices, electronic devices, electronic circuits, optical fibers, optoelectronic devices, computer systems, telecommunications and electronics.

Mechanical engineering – The design of physical or mechanical systems, such as power and energy systems, aerospace/aircraft products, weapon systems, transportation products engines, compressors, powertrains, kinematic chains, vacuum technology, and vibration isolation equipment.

What is engineering?

Engineering is the discipline, art, and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, mathematical, economic, social, and practical knowledge to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes that safely realize improvements to the lives of people.

One who practices engineering is called an engineer,